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Background  There is no safe, effective human vaccine against brucellosis. Live attenuated  Brucella  strains are widely used to vaccinate animals. However these live  Brucella  vaccines can cause disease and are unsafe for humans. Killed  Brucella  or subunit vaccines are not effective in eliciting long term protection. In this study, we evaluate an approach using a live, non-pathogenic bacteria ( E. coli ) genetically engineered to mimic the brucellae pathway of infection and present antigens for an appropriate cytolitic T cell response.    Methods   E. coli  was modified to express invasin of  Yersinia  and listerialysin O (LLO) of  Listeria  to impart the necessary infectivity and antigen releasing traits of the intracellular pathogen,  Brucella . This modified  E. coli  was considered our vaccine delivery system and was engineered to express Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) or Brucella antigens for  in vitro  and  in vivo  immunological studies including cytokine profiling and cytotoxicity assays.    Results  The  E. coli  vaccine vector was able to infect all cells tested and efficiently deliver therapeutics to the host cell. Using GFP as antigen, we demonstrate that the  E. coli  vaccine vector elicits a Th1 cytokine profile in both primary and secondary immune responses. Additionally, using this vector to deliver a  Brucella  antigen, we demonstrate the ability of the  E. coli  vaccine vector to induce specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs).    Conclusion  Protection against most intracellular bacterial pathogens can be obtained mostly through cell mediated immunity. Data presented here suggest modified  E. coli  can be used as a vaccine vector for delivery of antigens and therapeutics mimicking the infection of the pathogen and inducing cell mediated immunity to that pathogen.

Evaluation of recombinant invasive, non-pathogenic Eschericia coli as a vaccine vector against the intracellular pathogen, Brucella