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Background  LIM-only 4 (LMO4), a member of the LIM-only (LMO) subfamily of LIM domain-containing transcription factors, was initially reported to have an oncogenic role in breast cancer. We hypothesized that LMO4 may be related to pancreatic carcinogenesis as it is in breast carcinogenesis. If so, this could result in a better understanding of tumorigenesis in pancreatic cancer.    Methods  We measured  LMO4  mRNA levels in cultured cells, pancreatic bulk tissues and microdissected target cells (normal ductal cells; pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia-1B [PanIN-1B] cells; PanIN-2 cells; invasive ductal carcinoma [IDC] cells; intraductal papillary-mucinous adenoma [IPMA] cells; IPM borderline [IPMB] cells; and invasive and non-invasive IPM carcinoma [IPMC]) by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).    Results  9 of 14 pancreatic cancer cell lines expressed higher levels of  LMO4  mRNA than did the human pancreatic ductal epithelial cell line (HPDE). In bulk tissue samples, expression of  LMO4  was higher in pancreatic carcinoma than in intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) or non-neoplastic pancreas ( p  < 0.0001 for both). We carried out microdissection-based analyses. IDC cells expressed significantly higher levels of  LMO4  than did normal ductal epithelia or PanIN-1B cells ( p  < 0.001 for both) or PanIN-2 cells ( p  = 0.014). IPMC cells expressed significantly higher levels of  LMO4  than did normal ductal epithelia ( p  < 0.001), IPMA ( p  < 0.001) and IPMB cells ( p  = 0.003).    Conclusion  Pancreatic carcinomas (both IDC and IPMC) expressed significantly higher levels of  LMO4  mRNA than did normal ductal epithelia, PanIN-1B, PanIN-2, IPMA and IPMB. These results suggested that  LMO4  is overexpressed at late stages in carcinogenesis of pancreatic cancer.

LIM only 4 is overexpressed in late stage pancreas cancer