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Background  Human populations exposed to low malaria transmission present particular severe risks of malaria morbidity and mortality. In addition, in a context of low-level exposure to  Anopheles  vector, conventional entomological methods used for sampling  Anopheles  populations are insufficiently sensitive and probably under-estimate the real risk of malaria transmission. The evaluation of antibody (Ab) responses to arthropod salivary proteins constitutes a novel tool for estimating exposure level to insect bites. In the case of malaria, a recent study has shown that human IgG responses to the gSG6-P1 peptide represented a specific biomarker of exposure to  Anopheles gambiae  bites. The objective of this study was to investigate if this biomarker can be used to estimate low-level exposure of individuals to  Anopheles  vector.    Methods  The IgG Ab level to gSG6-P1 was evaluated at the peak and at the end of the  An. gambiae  exposure season in children living in Senegalese villages, where the  Anophele s density was estimated to be very low by classical entomological trapping but where malaria transmission occurred during the studied season.    Results  Specific IgG responses to gSG6-P1 were observed in children exposed to very low-level of  Anopheles  bites. In addition, a significant increase in the specific IgG Ab level was observed during the  Anopheles  exposure season whereas classical entomological data have reported very few or no  Anopheles  during the studied period. Furthermore, this biomarker may also be applicable to evaluate the heterogeneity of individual exposure.    Conclusion  The results strengthen the hypothesis that the evaluation of IgG responses to gSG6-P1 during the season of exposure could reflect the real human contact with anthropophilic  Anopheles  and suggest that this biomarker of low exposure could be used at the individual level. This promising immuno-epidemiological marker could represent a useful tool to assess the risk to very low exposure to malaria vectors as observed in seasonal, urban, altitude or travellers contexts. In addition, this biomarker could be used for the surveillance survey after applying anti-vector strategy.

Human IgG response to a salivary peptide, gSG6-P1, as a new immuno-epidemiological tool for evaluating low-level exposure to Anopheles bites