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Background  In sub-Saharan areas, malaria transmission was mainly ensured by  Anopheles. gambiae  s.l. and  Anopheles. funestus  vectors. The immune response status to  Plasmodium falciparum  was evaluated in children living in two villages where malaria transmission was ensured by dissimilar species of  Anopheles  vectors ( An. funestus vs An. gambiae  s.l.).    Methods  A multi-disciplinary study was performed in villages located in Northern Senegal. Two villages were selected: Mboula village where transmission is strictly ensured by  An. gambiae  s.l. and Gankette Balla village which is exposed to several  Anopheles  species but where  An. funestus  is the only infected vector found. In each village, a cohort of 150 children aged from one to nine years was followed during one year and IgG response directed to schizont extract was determined by ELISA.    Results  Similar results of specific IgG responses according to age and  P. falciparum  infection were observed in both villages. Specific IgG response increased progressively from one-year to 5-year old children and then stayed high in children from five to nine years old. The children with  P. falciparum  infection had higher specific antibody responses compared to negative infection children, suggesting a strong relationship between production of specific antibodies and malaria transmission, rather than protective immunity. In contrast, higher variation of antibody levels according to malaria transmission periods were found in Mboula compared to Gankette Balla. In Mboula, the peak of malaria transmission was followed by a considerable increase in antibody levels, whereas low and constant anti-malaria IgG response was observed throughout the year in Gankette Balla.    Conclusion  This study shows that the development of anti-malaria antibody response was profoundly different according to areas where malaria exposure is dependent with different  Anopheles  species. These results are discussed according to i) the use of immunological tool for the evaluation of malaria transmission and ii) the influence of  Anopheles  vectors species on the regulation of antibody responses to  P. falciparum .

Evaluation of antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum in children according to exposure of Anopheles gambiae s.l or Anopheles funestus vectors