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Background  Most odour baits for haematophagous arthropods contain carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The CO 2  is sourced artificially from the fermentation of refined sugar (sucrose), dry ice, pressurized gas cylinders or propane. These sources of CO 2  are neither cost-effective nor sustainable for use in remote areas of sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, molasses was evaluated as a potential substrate for producing CO 2  used as bait for malaria mosquitoes.    Methods  The attraction of laboratory-reared and wild  Anopheles gambiae  complex mosquitoes to CO 2  generated from yeast-fermentation of molasses was assessed under semi-field and field conditions in western Kenya. In the field, responses of wild  Anopheles funestus  were also assessed. Attraction of the mosquitoes to a synthetic mosquito attractant, Mbita blend (comprising ammonia, L-lactic acid, tetradecanoic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol) when augmented with CO 2  generated from yeast fermentation of either molasses or sucrose was also investigated.    Results  In semi-field, the release rate of CO 2  and proportion of  An. gambiae  mosquitoes attracted increased in tandem with an increase in the quantity of yeast-fermented molasses up to an optimal ratio of molasses and dry yeast. More  An. gambiae  mosquitoes were attracted to a combination of the Mbita blend plus CO 2  produced from fermenting molasses than the Mbita blend plus CO 2  from yeast-fermented sucrose. In the field, significantly more female  An. gambiae sensu lato  mosquitoes were attracted to the Mbita blend augmented with CO 2  produced by fermenting 500 g of molasses compared to 250 g of sucrose or 250 g of molasses. Similarly, significantly more  An. funestus ,  Culex  and other anopheline mosquito species were attracted to the Mbita blend augmented with CO 2  produced from fermenting molasses than the Mbita blend with CO 2  produced from sucrose. Augmenting the Mbita blend with CO 2  produced from molasses was associated with high catches of blood-fed  An. gambiae s.l.  and  An. funestus  mosquitoes.    Conclusion  Molasses is a suitable ingredient for the replacement of sucrose as a substrate for the production of CO 2  for sampling of African malaria vectors and other mosquito species. The finding of blood-fed malaria vectors in traps baited with the Mbita blend and CO 2  derived from molasses provides a unique opportunity for the study of host-vector interactions.

Molasses as a source of carbon dioxide for attracting the malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus