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Background  MSP1 is the major surface protein on merozoites and a prime candidate for a blood stage malaria vaccine. Preclinical and seroepidemiological studies have implicated antibodies to MSP1 in protection against blood stage parasitaemia and/or reduced parasite densities, respectively. Malaria endemic areas have multiple strains of  Plasmodium falciparum  circulating at any given time, giving rise to complex immune responses, an issue which is generally not addressed in clinical trials conducted in non-endemic areas. A lack of understanding of the effect of pre-existing immunity to heterologous parasite strains may significantly contribute to vaccine failure in the field. The purpose of this study was to model the effect of pre-existing immunity to MSP1 42  on the immunogenicity of blood-stage malaria vaccines based on alternative MSP1 alleles.    Methods  Inbred and outbred mice were immunized with various recombinant  P. falciparum  MSP1 42  proteins that represent the two major alleles of MSP1 42 , MAD20 (3D7) and Wellcome (K1, FVO). Humoral immune responses were analysed by ELISA and Luminex TM , and functional activity of induced MSP1 42 -specific antibodies was assessed by growth inhibition assays. T-cell responses were characterized using  ex vivo  ELISpot assays.    Results  Analysis of the immune responses induced by various immunization regimens demonstrated a strong allele-specific response at the T cell level in both inbred and outbred mice. The success of heterologous regimens depended on the degree of homology of the N-terminal p33 portion of the MSP1 42 , likely due to the fact that most T cell epitopes reside in this part of the molecule. Analysis of humoral immune responses revealed a marked cross-reactivity between the alleles. Functional analyses showed that some of the heterologous regimens induced antibodies with improved growth inhibitory activities.    Conclusion  The development of a more broadly efficacious MSP1 based vaccine may be hindered by clonally imprinted p33 responses mainly restricted at the T cell level. In this study, the homology of the p33 sequence between the clonally imprinted response and the vaccine allele determines the magnitude of vaccine induced responses.

Impact of pre-existing MSP142-allele specific immunity on potency of an erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum vaccine