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Background  A dramatic decline in the incidence of malaria due to  Plasmodium falciparum  infection in coastal East Africa has recently been reported to be paralleled (or even preceded) by an equally dramatic decline in malaria vector density, despite absence of organized vector control. As part of investigations into possible causes for the change in vector population density, the present study analysed the  Anopheles gambiae  s.l. sibling species composition in north-eastern Tanzania.    Methods  The study was in two parts. The first compared current species complex composition in freshly caught  An. gambiae  s.l .  complex from three villages to the composition reported from previous studies carried out 2–4 decades ago in the same villages. The second took advantage of a sample of archived dried  An. gambiae  s.l .  complex specimens collected regularly from a fourth study village since 2005. Both fresh and archived dried specimens were identified to sibling species of the  An. gambiae  s.l. complex by PCR. The same specimens were moreover examined for  Plasmodium falciparum  and  Wuchereria bancrofti  infection by PCR.    Results  As in earlier studies,  An. gambiae  s.s . ,  Anopheles merus  and  Anopheles arabiensis  were identified as sibling species found in the area. However, both study parts indicated a marked change in sibling species composition over time. From being by far the most abundant in the past  An. gambiae  s.s .  was now the most rare, whereas  An. arabiensis  had changed from being the most rare to the most common.  P. falciparum  infection was rarely detected in the examined specimens (and only in  An. arabiensis ) whereas  W. bancrofti  infection was prevalent and detected in all three sibling species.    Conclusion  The study indicates that a major shift in  An. gambiae  s.l .  sibling species composition has taken place in the study area in recent years. Combined with the earlier reported decline in overall malaria vector density, the study suggests that this decline has been most marked for  An. gambiae  s.s . , and least for  An. arabiensis , leading to current predominance of the latter. Due to differences in biology and vectorial capacity of the  An. gambiae  s.l. complex the change in sibling species composition will have important implications for the epidemiology and control of malaria and lymphatic filariasis in the study area.

malaria journal

Change in composition of the Anopheles gambiae complex and its possible implications for the transmission of malaria and lymphatic filariasis in north-eastern Tanzania