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Background  The modern society primarily relies on petroleum and natural gas for the production of fuels and chemicals. One of the major commodity chemicals 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO), which has an annual production of more than 0.5 million tons in the United States, is currently produced by chemical processes from petroleum derived propylene oxide, which is energy intensive and not sustainable. In this study, we sought to achieve photosynthetic production of 1,2-PDO from CO 2  using a genetically engineered cyanobacterium  Synechococcus elongatus  PCC 7942. Compared to the previously reported biological 1,2-PDO production processes which used sugar or glycerol as the substrates, direct chemical production from CO 2  in photosynthetic organisms recycles the atmospheric CO 2  and will not compete with food crops for arable land.    Results  In this study, we reported photosynthetic production of 1,2-PDO from CO 2  using a genetically engineered cyanobacterium  Synechococcus elongatus  PCC 7942. Introduction of the genes encoding methylglyoxal synthase ( mgsA ), glycerol dehydrogenase ( gldA ), and aldehyde reductase ( yqhD ) resulted in the production of ~22mg/L 1,2-PDO from CO 2 . However, a comparable amount of the pathway intermediate acetol was also produced, especially during the stationary phase. The production of 1,2-PDO requires a robust input of reducing equivalents from cellular metabolism. To take advantage of cyanobacteria’s NADPH pool, the synthetic pathway of 1,2-PDO was engineered to be NADPH-dependent by exploiting the NADPH-specific secondary alcohol dehydrogenases which have not been reported for 1,2-PDO production previously. This optimization strategy resulted in the production of ~150mg/L 1,2-PDO and minimized the accumulation of the incomplete reduction product, acetol.    Conclusion  This work demonstrated that cyanobacteria can be engineered as a catalyst for the photosynthetic conversion of CO 2  to 1,2-PDO. This work also characterized two NADPH-dependent sADHs for their catalytic capacity in 1,2-PDO formation, and suggested that they may be useful tools for renewable production of reduced chemicals in photosynthetic organisms.

Engineering a cyanobacterium as the catalyst for the photosynthetic conversion of CO2 to 1,2-propanediol