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Background  In situ detection is traditionally performed with long labeled probes often followed by a signal amplification step to enhance the labeling. Whilst short probes have several advantages over long probes (e.g. higher resolution and specificity) they carry fewer labels per molecule and therefore require higher amplification for detection. Furthermore, short probes relying only on hybridization for specificity can result in non-specific signals appearing anywhere the probe attaches to the target specimen. One way to obtain high amplification whilst minimizing the risk of false positivity is to use small circular probes (e.g. Padlock Probes) in combination with target primed rolling circle DNA synthesis. This has previously been used for DNA detection  in situ , but not until now for RNA targets.    Results  We present here a proof of principle investigation of a novel rolling circle technology for the detection of non-polyadenylated RNA molecules  in situ , including a new probe format (the Turtle Probe) and optimized procedures for its use on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections and in solid support format applications.    Conclusion  The method presented combines the high discriminatory power of short oligonucleotide probes with the impressive amplification power and selectivity of the rolling circle reaction, providing excellent signal to noise ratios in combination with exact target localization due to the target primed reaction. Furthermore, the procedure is easily multiplexed, allowing visualization of several different RNAs.

In situdetection of non-polyadenylated RNA molecules using Turtle Probes and target primed rolling circle PRINS