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Background  As genes associated with immune-mediated diseases have an increased prior probability of being associated with other immune-mediated diseases, we tested three such genes,  IL23R ,  IRF5  and  CD40 , for an association with type 1 diabetes. In addition, we tested seven genes,  TAF5L ,  PDCD1, TCF7, IL12B ,  IL6 ,  ICAM1  and  TBX21 , with published marginal or inconsistent evidence of an association with type 1 diabetes.    Methods  We genotyped reported polymorphisms of the ten genes, nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) and, for the  IL12B  and  IL6  regions, tag SNPs in up to 7,888 case, 8,858 control and 3,142 parent-child trio samples. In addition, we analysed data from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium genome-wide association study to determine whether there was any further evidence of an association in each gene region.    Results  We found some evidence of associations between type 1 diabetes and  TAF5L ,  PDCD1 ,  TCF7  and  IL6  (ORs = 1.05 – 1.13;  P  = 0.0291 – 4.16 × 10 -4 ). No evidence of an association was obtained for  IL12B ,  IRF5 ,  IL23R, ICAM1, TBX21  and  CD40 , although there was some evidence of an association (OR = 1.10;  P  = 0.0257) from the genome-wide association study for the  ICAM1  region.    Conclusion  We failed to exclude the possibility of some effect in type 1 diabetes for  TAF5L ,  PDCD1 ,  TCF7 ,  IL6  and  ICAM1 . Additional studies, of these and other candidate genes, employing much larger sample sizes and analysis of additional polymorphisms in each gene and its flanking region will be required to ascertain their contributions to type 1 diabetes susceptibility.

The candidate genes TAF5L, TCF7, PDCD1 , IL6 and ICAM1 cannot be excluded from having effects in type 1 diabetes