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Background  Vascular plants respond to pathogens by activating a diverse array of defense mechanisms. Studies with these plants have provided a wealth of information on pathogen recognition, signal transduction and the activation of defense responses. However, very little is known about the infection and defense responses of the bryophyte,  Physcomitrella patens , to well-studied phytopathogens. The purpose of this study was to determine: i) whether two representative broad host range pathogens,  Erwinia carotovora  ssp.  carotovora  ( E.c. carotovora ) and  Botrytis cinerea  ( B. cinerea ), could infect  Physcomitrella , and ii) whether  B. cinerea , elicitors of a harpin (HrpN) producing  E.c. carotovora  strain (SCC1) or a HrpN-negative strain (SCC3193), could cause disease symptoms and induce defense responses in  Physcomitrella .    Results   B. cinerea  and  E.c. carotovora  were found to readily infect  Physcomitrella  gametophytic tissues and cause disease symptoms. Treatments with  B. cinerea  spores or cell-free culture filtrates from  E.c. carotovora  SCC1  (CF (SCC1) ), resulted in disease development with severe maceration of  Physcomitrella  tissues, while CF (SCC3193)  produced only mild maceration. Although increased cell death was observed with either the CFs or  B. cinerea , the occurrence of cytoplasmic shrinkage was only visible in Evans blue stained protonemal cells treated with CF (SCC1)  or inoculated with  B. cinerea . Most cells showing cytoplasmic shrinkage accumulated autofluorescent compounds and brown chloroplasts were evident in a high proportion of these cells. CF treatments and  B. cinerea  inoculation induced the expression of the defense-related genes:  PR-1 ,  PAL ,  CHS  and  LOX .    Conclusion   B. cinerea  and  E.c. carotovora  elicitors induce a defense response in  Physcomitrella , as evidenced by enhanced expression of conserved plant defense-related genes. Since cytoplasmic shrinkage is the most common morphological change observed in plant PCD, and that harpins and  B. cinerea  induce this type of cell death in vascular plants, our results suggest that  E.c. carotovora  CF SCC1  containing HrpN and  B. cinerea  could also induce this type of cell death in  Physcomitrella . Our studies thus establish  Physcomitrella  as an experimental host for investigation of plant-pathogen interactions and  B. cinerea  and elicitors of  E.c. carotovora  as promising tools for understanding the mechanisms involved in defense responses and in pathogen-mediated cell death in this simple land plant.

Erwinia carotovora elicitors and Botrytis cinerea activate defense responses in Physcomitrella patens