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Background  Expansins are plant cell wall loosening proteins encoded by a large superfamily of genes, consisting of four families named EXPA, EXPB, EXLA, and EXLB. The evolution of the expansin superfamily is well understood in angiosperms, thanks to synteny-based evolutionary studies of the gene superfamily in  Arabidopsis , rice, and  Populus . Analysis of the expansin superfamily in the moss  Physcomitrella patens  revealed a superfamily without EXLA or EXLB genes that has evolved considerably and independently of angiosperm expansins. The sequencing of the  Selaginella moellendorffii  genome has allowed us to extend these analyses into an early diverging vascular plant.    Results  The expansin superfamily in  Selaginella moellendorffii  has now been assembled from genomic scaffolds. A smaller (and less diverse) superfamily is revealed, consistent with studies of other gene families in  Selaginella .  Selaginella  has an expansin superfamily, which, like  Physcomitrella , lacks EXLA or EXLB genes, but does contain two EXPA genes that are related to a particular  Arabidopsis -rice clade involved in root hair development.    Conclusions  From sequence-based phylogenetic analysis, most  Selaginella  expansins lie outside the  Arabidopsis -rice clades, leading us to estimate the minimum number of expansins present in the last common ancestor of  Selaginella  and angiosperms at 2 EXPA genes and 1 EXPB gene. These results confirm  Selaginella  as an important intermediary between bryophytes and angiosperms.

Selaginella moellendorffii has a reduced and highly conserved expansin superfamily with genes more closely related to angiosperms than to bryophytes