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Background  The soil-borne fungal pathogen  Verticillium dahliae  Kleb causes  Verticillium  wilt in a wide range of crops including cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ). To date, most upland cotton varieties are susceptible to  V. dahliae  and the breeding for cotton varieties with the resistance to  Verticillium  wilt has not been successful.    Results  Hpa1 Xoo  is a harpin protein from  Xanthomonas oryzae  pv.  oryzae  which induces the hypersensitive cell death in plants. When  hpa1   Xoo   was transformed into the susceptible cotton line Z35 through  Agrobacterium -mediated transformation, the transgenic cotton line (T-34) with an improved resistance to  Verticillium dahliae  was obtained. Cells of the transgenic T-34, when mixed with the conidia suspension of  V. dahliae , had a higher tolerance to  V. dahliae  compared to cells of untransformed Z35. Cells of T-34 were more viable 12 h after mixing with  V. dahliae  conidia suspension. Immunocytological analysis showed that Hpa1 Xoo , expressed in T-34, accumulated as clustered particles along the cell walls of T-34. In response to the infection caused by  V. dahliae , the microscopic cell death and the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates were observed in leaves of T-34 and these responses were absent in leaves of Z35 inoculated with  V. dahliae . Quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that five defense-related genes,  ghAOX1, hin1, npr1, ghdhg-OMT , and  hsr203J , were up-regulated in T-34 inoculated with  V. dahliae . The up-regulations of these defense-relate genes were not observed or in a less extent in leaves of Z-35 after the inoculation.    Conclusions  Hpa1 Xoo  accumulates along the cell walls of the transgenic T-34, where it triggers the generation of H 2 O 2  as an endogenous elicitor. T-34 is thus in a primed state, ready to protect the host from the pathogen. The results of this study suggest that the transformation of cotton with  hpa1   Xoo   could be an effective approach for the development of cotton varieties with the improved resistance against soil-borne pathogens.

bmc plant biology

Genetic transformation of cotton with a harpin-encoding gene hpa Xoo confers an enhanced defense response against different pathogens through a priming mechanism