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Background   Verticillium dahliae  is a fungal pathogen that infects a wide range of hosts. The only known genes for resistance to  Verticillium  in the Solanaceae are found in the tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum )  Ve  locus, formed by two linked genes,  Ve1  and  Ve2 . To characterize the resistance response mediated by the tomato  Ve  gene, we inoculated two nearly isogenic tomato lines, LA3030 ( ve / ve ) and LA3038 ( Ve / Ve ), with  V. dahliae .    Results  We found induction of H 2 O 2  production in roots of inoculated plants, followed by an increase in peroxidase activity only in roots of inoculated resistant plants. Phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) activity was also increased in resistant roots 2 hours after inoculation, while induction of PAL activity in susceptible roots was not seen until 48 hours after inoculation. Phenylpropanoid metabolism was also affected, with increases in ferulic acid,  p -coumaric acid, vanillin and  p -hydroxybenzaldehyde contents in resistant roots after inoculation. Six tomato  PAL  cDNA sequences ( PAL1  -  PAL6 ) were found in the SolGenes tomato EST database. RT-PCR analysis showed that these genes were expressed in all organs of the plant, albeit at different levels. Real-time RT-PCR indicated distinct patterns of expression of the different  PAL  genes in  V. dahliae -inoculated roots. Phylogenetic analysis of 48 partial  PAL  cDNAs corresponding to 19 plant species grouped angiosperm  PAL  sequences into four clusters, suggesting functional differences among the six tomato genes, with  PAL2  and  PAL6  presumably involved in lignification, and the remaining  PAL  genes implicated in other biological processes.  An increase in the synthesis of lignins was found 16 and 28 days after inoculation in both lines; this increase was greater and faster to develop in the resistant line. In both resistant and susceptible inoculated plants, an increase in the ratio of guaiacyl/syringyl units was detected 16 days after inoculation, resulting from the lowered amount of syringyl units in the lignins of inoculated plants.    Conclusions  The interaction between the tomato and  V. dahliae  triggered a number of short- and long-term defensive mechanisms. Differences were found between compatible and incompatible interactions, including onset of H 2 O 2  production and activities of peroxidase and PAL, and phenylpropanoid metabolism and synthesis of lignins.

The Ve-mediated resistance response of the tomato to Verticillium dahliae involves H2O2, peroxidase and lignins and drives PALgene expression