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Background  Terpenoids are among the most important constituents of grape flavour and wine bouquet, and serve as useful metabolite markers in viticulture and enology. Based on the initial 8-fold sequencing of a nearly homozygous Pinot noir inbred line, 89 putative terpenoid synthase genes ( VvTPS ) were predicted by  in silico  analysis of the grapevine ( Vitis vinifera ) genome assembly [ 1 ]. The finding of this very large  VvTPS  family, combined with the importance of terpenoid metabolism for the organoleptic properties of grapevine berries and finished wines, prompted a detailed examination of this gene family at the genomic level as well as an investigation into  VvTPS  biochemical functions.    Results  We present findings from the analysis of the up-dated 12-fold sequencing and assembly of the grapevine genome that place the number of predicted  VvTPS  genes at 69 putatively functional  VvTPS , 20 partial  VvTPS , and 63  VvTPS  probable pseudogenes. Gene discovery and annotation included information about gene architecture and chromosomal location. A dense cluster of 45  VvTPS  is localized on chromosome 18. Extensive FLcDNA cloning, gene synthesis, and protein expression enabled functional characterization of 39  VvTPS ; this is the largest number of functionally characterized  TPS  for any species reported to date. Of these enzymes, 23 have unique functions and/or phylogenetic locations within the plant  TPS  gene family. Phylogenetic analyses of the  TPS  gene family showed that while most  VvTPS  form species-specific gene clusters, there are several examples of gene orthology with  TPS  of other plant species, representing perhaps more ancient  VvTPS , which have maintained functions independent of speciation.    Conclusions  The highly expanded  VvTPS  gene family underpins the prominence of terpenoid metabolism in grapevine. We provide a detailed experimental functional annotation of 39 members of this important gene family in grapevine and comprehensive information about gene structure and phylogeny for the entire currently known  VvTPS  gene family.

bmc plant biology

Functional Annotation, Genome Organization and Phylogeny of the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Terpene Synthase Gene Family Based on Genome Assembly, FLcDNA Cloning, and Enzyme Assays