English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background  Attempts to develop a mechanistic understanding of the effects of environmental estrogens on fish are increasingly conducted at the level of gene expression. Appropriate application of real-time PCR in such studies requires the use of a stably expressed 'housekeeping' gene as an internal control to normalize for differences in the amount of starting template between samples.    Results  We sought to identify appropriate genes for use as internal controls in experimental treatments with estrogen by analyzing the expression of eight functionally distinct 'housekeeping' genes (18S ribosomal RNA [18S rRNA],  ribosomal protein l8  [ rpl8 ],  elongation factor 1 alpha  [ ef1a ],  glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase  [ g6pd ],  beta actin  [ bactin ],  glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase  [ gapdh ],  hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1  [ hprt1 ], and  tata box binding protein  [ tbp ]) following exposure to the environmental estrogen, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE 2 ), in the fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas ). Exposure to 10 ng/L EE 2  for 21 days down-regulated the expression of  ef1a ,  g6pd ,  bactin  and  gapdh  in the liver, and  bactin  and  gapdh  in the gonad. Some of these effects were gender-specific, with  bactin  in the liver and  gapdh  in the gonad down-regulated by EE 2  in males only. Furthermore, when  ef1a ,  g6pd ,  bactin  or  gapdh  were used for normalization, the hepatic expression of two genes of interest,  vitellogenin  ( vtg ) and  cytochrome P450 1A  ( cyp1a ) following exposure to EE 2  was overestimated.    Conclusion  Based on the data presented, we recommend 18S rRNA,  rpl8 ,  hprt1  and/or  tbp , but not  ef1a ,  g6pd ,  bactin  and/or  gapdh , as likely appropriate internal controls in real-time PCR studies of estrogens effects in fish. Our studies show that pre-validation of control genes considering the scope and nature of the experiments to be performed, including both gender and tissue type, is critical for accurate assessments of the effects of environmental estrogens on gene expression in fish.

Appropriate 'housekeeping' genes for use in expression profiling the effects of environmental estrogens in fish.