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Background  The natural habitat of  Staphylococcus aureus  is the moist squamous epithelium in the anterior nares. About 20% of the human population carry  S. aureus  permanently in their noses and another 60% of individuals are intermittent carriers. The ability of  S. aureus  to colonize the nasal epithelium is in part due to expression of surface proteins clumping factor B (ClfB) and the iron-regulated surface determinant A (IsdA), which promote adhesion to desquamated epithelial cells present in the anterior part of the nasal vestibule.  S. aureus  strain Newman defective in IsdA and ClfB exhibited reduced but not completely defective adherence to squamous cells in indicating that other cell surface components might also contribute.    Results  Surface proteins IsdA, ClfB, and the serine-aspartic acid repeat proteins SdrC, SdrD and SdrE were investigated to determine their contribution to the adherence of  S. aureus  to desquamated nasal epithelial cells. This was achieved by expression of ClfB, IsdA, SdrC, SdrD and SdrE on the surface of the surrogate Gram-positive host  Lactococcus lactis  and by isolating mutants of  S. aureus  Newman defective in one or more factor. The level of adherence of strains to squamous cells isolated from the nares of volunteers was measured. Results consistently showed that ClfB, IsdA, SdrC and SdrD each contributed to the ability of  S. aureus  to adhere to squamous cells. A mutant lacking all four proteins was completely defective in adherence.    Conclusion  The ability of  S. aureus  Newman to adhere to desquamated nasal epithelial cells is multifactorial and involves SdrD and SdrC as well as ClfB and IsdA.

Surface proteins that promote adherence of Staphylococcus aureusto human desquamated nasal epithelial cells