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Background   Mycobacterium avium  includes the subspecies  avium ,  silvaticum ,  paratuberculosis  and  hominissuis , and  M. avium  subspecies has been isolated from various environments all over the world including from biofilms in water distribution systems. The aim of this study was to examine isolates of  M. avium  subsp.  avium  and  M. avium  subsp.  hominissuis  of different origin for biofilm formation and to look for correlations between biofilm formation and RFLP-types, and to standardise the method to test for biofilm formation. In order to determine the best screening method, a panel of 14 isolates of  M. avium  subsp.  avium  and  M. avium  subsp.  hominissuis , were tested for their ability to form biofilm in microtiter plates under different conditions. Subsequently, 83 additional isolates from humans, swine and birds were tested for biofilm formation. The isolates were tested for the presence of selected genes involved in the synthesis of glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) in the cell wall of  M. avium , which is believed to be important for biofilm formation. Colony morphology and  hsp65  sequvar were also determined.    Results  Nine isolates from swine produced biofilm. There was a significant higher frequency of porcine isolates forming biofilm compared to human isolates. All isolates were previously characterised by IS 1311 - and IS 1245 -RFLP typing. The ability to form biofilm did not correlate with the RFLP-type,  hsp65  sequevar, colony morphology or the presence of gene sequences related to GPL synthesis.    Conclusion  The observed differences in biofilm forming abilities between porcine and human isolates raises questions regarding the importance of biofilm formation for infectious potential. The optimised method worked well for screening of multiple isolates.

Biofilm formation by Mycobacterium avium isolates originating from humans, swine and birds