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Background  Both tuberculous and non-tuberculous mycobacteria can cause infection in nonhuman primates (NHP), indicating the existence of potential zoonotic transmission between these animals and visitors to zoos or animal handlers in primate facilities. Screening of mycobacterial infections in NHP is traditionally done by tuberculin skin test (TST), which is unable to distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacterial infections. In this study, we investigated the use of ESAT-6 and CFP-10 for detection of mycobacterial infections in a wild-caught baboon colony after one baboon died of tuberculosis (TB).    Methods  Peripheral blood lymphocytes for interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay (IFN-γ ELISPOT) assay were obtained from TST positive baboons and those in contact with tuberculous baboons before being euthanased, autopsied and lung tissues taken for histology and mycobacterial culture.    Results  Both ESAT-6 and CFP-10 IFN-γ ELISPOT assays were able to detect early  M. tuberculosis  but also  M. intracellulare  infection. Although this indicates potential cross-reactivity with  M. intracellulare  antigens, the method was able to distinguish  M. bovis  BCG vaccination from  M. tuberculosis  infection. This assay performed better than the TST, which failed to detect one  M. tuberculosis  and two early  M. intracellulare  infections.    Conclusion  These results suggest that the IFN-γ ELISPOT assay could improve the detection of  M tuberculosis  infections when screening NHP. There is some doubt, however, concerning specificity, as the assay scored positive three animals infected with  M. intracellulare .

bmc microbiology

Detection of natural infection with Mycobacterium intracellulare in healthy wild-caught Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) by ESAT-6 and CFP-10 IFN-γ ELISPOT tests following a tuberculosis outbreak