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Background  Biofilms are communities of bacteria that are characterized by specific phenotypes, including an increased resistance towards anti-microbials and the host immune system. This calls for the development of novel biofilm prevention and treatment options to combat infectious disease. In  Escherichia coli , numerous global regulators have been implicated in the control of biofilm associated cell surface organelles. These include the flagellar regulator FlhD/FlhC, the osmoregulator EnvZ/OmpR, and the colanic acid activator RcsCDB. Using flow cell technology and fluorescence microscopy, we determined the temporal expression from  flhD :: gfp ,  ompR :: gfp , and  rcsB :: gfp  in  E .  coli  biofilm, as well as the impact of the negative regulation of  flhD  by OmpR and RcsB. Spatial gene expression was investigated from  flhD :: gfp .    Results  The temporal gene expression profile for  flhD  yielded an early peak at 12 h, a minimum of expression at 35 h, and a second increase in expression towards 51 h of biofilm development. In contrast, the  ompR  profile showed a peak at 35 h. A mutation in  ompR  abolished time dependence of  flhD  expression after the initial growth period of 12 h. Intriguingly,  rcsB  expression did not correlate inversely with  flhD  expression, yet a mutation in  rcsB  abolished time dependence of  flhD  expression as well. Spatially, expression of  flhD  was highest in the outermost layer of the biofilm in the parent strain. In  ompR  and  rcsB  mutants,  flhD  was expressed throughout the biofilm. Mutations in both,  ompR  and  rcsB  increased  flhD  expression throughout all temporal and spatial experiments. This increase was paralleled by reductions in biofilm amounts at four tested time points.    Conclusion  Our data lead to the conclusion that FlhD/FlhC and its regulation by OmpR and RcsB may be our first target mechanism for the development of novel biofilm prevention and treatment techniques.

OmpR and RcsB abolish temporal and spatial changes in expression of flhD in Escherichia coli Biofilm