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Background   Corynebacterium glutamicum  is able to grow with lactate as sole or combined carbon and energy source. Quinone-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase LldD is known to be essential for utilization of L-lactate by  C. glutamicum . D-lactate also serves as sole carbon source for  C. glutamicum  ATCC 13032.    Results  Here, the gene cg1027 was shown to encode the quinone-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase (Dld) by enzymatic analysis of the protein purified from recombinant  E. coli . The absorption spectrum of purified Dld indicated the presence of FAD as bound cofactor. Inactivation of  dld  resulted in the loss of the ability to grow with D-lactate, which could be restored by plasmid-borne expression of  dld . Heterologous expression of  dld  from  C. glutamicum  ATCC 13032 in  C. efficiens  enabled this species to grow with D-lactate as sole carbon source. Homologs of  dld  of  C. glutamicum  ATCC 13032 are not encoded in the sequenced genomes of other corynebacteria and mycobacteria. However, the  dld  locus of  C. glutamicum  ATCC 13032 shares 2367 bp of 2372 bp identical nucleotides with the  dld  locus of  Propionibacterium freudenreichii  subsp.  shermanii , a bacterium used in Swiss-type cheese making. Both loci are flanked by insertion sequences of the same family suggesting a possible event of horizontal gene transfer.    Conclusions  Cg1067 encodes quinone-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase Dld of  Corynebacterium glutamicum . Dld is essential for growth with D-lactate as sole carbon source. The genomic region of  dld  likely has been acquired by horizontal gene transfer.

Quinone-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase Dld (Cg1027) is essential for growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum on D-lactate