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Background  Auxin plays important roles in hormone crosstalk and the plant’s stress response. The auxin-responsive  Gretchen Hagen3  ( GH3 ) gene family maintains hormonal homeostasis by conjugating excess indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acids (JAs) to amino acids during hormone- and stress-related signaling pathways. With the sequencing of the apple ( Malus × domestica ) genome completed, it is possible to carry out genomic studies on  GH3  genes to indentify candidates with roles in abiotic/biotic stress responses.    Results   Malus sieversii  Roem., an apple rootstock with strong drought tolerance and the ancestral species of cultivated apple species, was used as the experimental material. Following genome-wide computational and experimental identification of  MdGH3  genes, we showed that  MdGH3s  were differentially expressed in the leaves and roots of  M. sieversii  and that some of these genes were significantly induced after various phytohormone and abiotic stress treatments. Given the role of  GH3  in the negative feedback regulation of free IAA concentration, we examined whether phytohormones and abiotic stresses could alter the endogenous auxin level. By analyzing the GUS activity of  DR5::GUS -transformed Arabidopsis seedlings, we showed that ABA, SA, salt, and cold treatments suppressed the auxin response. These findings suggest that other phytohormones and abiotic stress factors might alter endogenous auxin levels.    Conclusion  Previous studies showed that  GH3  genes regulate hormonal homeostasis. Our study indicated that some  GH3  genes were significantly induced in  M. sieversii  after various phytohormone and abiotic stress treatments ,  and that ABA, SA, salt, and cold treatments reduce the endogenous level of axuin. Taken together, this study provides evidence that  GH3  genes play important roles in the crosstalk between auxin, other phytohormones, and the abiotic stress response by maintaining auxin homeostasis.

Genome-wide analysis of the GH3 family in apple (Malus × domestica)