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Background   achaete-scute  complexe ( AS-C ) has been widely studied at genetic, developmental and evolutional levels. Genes of this family encode proteins containing a highly conserved bHLH domain, which take part in the regulation of the development of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Many  AS-C  homologs have been isolated from various vertebrates and invertebrates. Also,  AS-C  genes are duplicated during the evolution of Diptera. Functions besides neural development controlling have also been found in  Drosophila AS-C  genes.    Results  We cloned four  achaete-scute  homologs ( ASH ) from the lepidopteran model organism  Bombyx mori , including three proneural genes and one neural precursor gene. Proteins encoded by them contained the characteristic bHLH domain and the three proneural ones were also found to have the C-terminal conserved motif. These genes regulated promoter activity through the Class A E-boxes  in vitro . Though both  Bm-ASH  and  Drosophila AS-C  have four members, they are not in one by one corresponding relationships. Results of RT-PCR and real-time PCR showed that  Bm-ASH  genes were expressed in different larval tissues, and had well-regulated expressional profiles during the development of embryo and wing/wing disc.    Conclusion  There are four  achaete-scute  homologs in  Bombyx mori , the second insect having four  AS-C  genes so far, and these genes have multiple functions in silkworm life cycle.  AS-C  gene duplication in insects occurs after or parallel to, but not before the taxonomic order formation during evolution.

Analysis of four achaete-scute homologs in Bombyx mori reveals new viewpoints of the evolution and functions of this gene family