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Background  Winter migration of immature brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) into freshwater rivers has been hypothesized to result from physiologically stressful combinations of high salinity and low temperature in the sea.    Results  We sampled brown trout from two Danish populations entering different saline conditions and quantified expression of the  hsp70  and  Na/K-ATPases α 1b  genes following acclimation to freshwater and full-strength seawater at 2°C and 10°C. An interaction effect of low temperature and high salinity on expression of both  hsp70  and  Na/K-ATPase α 1b  was found in trout from the river entering high saline conditions, while a temperature independent up-regulation of both genes in full-strength seawater was found for trout entering marine conditions with lower salinities.    Conclusion  Overall our results support the hypothesis that physiologically stressful conditions in the sea drive sea-run brown trout into freshwater rivers in winter. However, our results also demonstrate intra-specific differences in expression of important stress and osmoregulative genes most likely reflecting adaptive differences between trout populations on a regional scale, thus strongly suggesting local adaptations driven by the local marine environment.

Interpopulation differences in expression of candidate genes for salinity tolerance in winter migrating anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta L.)