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Abstract Background Aberrant and non-functional <it>RHD </it>alleles are much more frequent in Africans than in Europeans. The <it>DAU </it>cluster of <it>RHD </it>alleles exemplifies that the alleles frequent in Africans have evaded recognition until recently. A comprehensive survey of <it>RHD </it>alleles in any African population was lacking. Results We surveyed the molecular structure and frequency of <it>RHD </it>alleles in Mali (West Africa) by evaluating 116 haplotypes. Only 69% could be attributed to standard <it>RHD </it>(55%) or the <it>RHD </it>deletion (14%). The aberrant <it>RHD </it>allele <it>DAU-0 </it>was predicted for 19%, <it>RHDΨ </it>for 7% and <it>Ccde</it><it>s </it>for 4% of all haplotypes. <it>DAU-3 </it>and the new <it>RHD </it>allele <it>RHD</it>(L207F), dubbed <it>DMA</it>, were found in one haplotype each. A PCR-RFLP for the detection of the hybrid <it>Rhesus box </it>diagnostic for the <it>RHD </it>deletion in Europeans was false positive in 9 individuals, including all carriers of <it>RHDΨ </it>. Including two silent mutations and the <it>RHD </it>deletion, a total of 9 alleles could be differentiated. Conclusion Besides standard <it>RHD </it>and the <it>RHD </it>deletion, <it>DAU-0</it>, <it>RHDΨ </it>and <it>Ccde</it><it>s </it>are major alleles in Mali. Our survey proved that the most frequent alleles of West Africans have been recognized allowing to devise reliable genotyping and phenotyping strategies.</p

RHD allele distribution in Africans of Mali.