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Background  Both environmental and genetic factors impact type 2 diabetes (T2D). To identify such modifiers, we genotyped 15 T2D-associated variants from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in 6,414 non-Hispanic whites, 3,073 non-Hispanic blacks, and 3,633 Mexican American participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) and evaluated interactions between these variants and carbohydrate intake and fiber intake.    Results  We calculated a genetic risk score (GRS) with the 15 SNPs. The odds ratio for T2D with each GRS point was 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05-1.14) for non-Hispanic whites, 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02-1.13) for non-Hispanic blacks, and 1.11 (95% CI: 1.06-1.17) for Mexican Americans. We identified two gene-carbohydrate interactions ( P  < 0.05) in non-Hispanic whites (with  CDKAL1  rs471253 and  FTO  rs8050136), two in non-Hispanic blacks (with  IGFBP2  rs4402960 and  THADA  rs7578597), and two in Mexican Americans (with  NOTCH2  rs1092398 and  TSPAN8-LGRS  rs7961581). We found three gene-fiber interactions in non-Hispanic whites (with  ADAMT59  rs4607103,  CDKN2A/2B  rs1801282, and  FTO  rs8050136), two in non-Hispanic blacks (with  ADAMT59  rs4607103 and  THADA  rs7578597), and two in Mexican Americans (with  THADA  rs7578597 and  TSPAN8-LGRS  rs796158) at the  P  < 0.05 level. Interactions between the GRS and nutrients failed to reach significance in all the racial/ethnic groups.    Conclusion  Our results suggest that dietary carbohydrates and fiber may modify T2D-associated variants, highlighting the importance of dietary nutrients in predicting T2D risk.

bmc genomic data

Gene-carbohydrate and gene-fiber interactions and type 2 diabetes in diverse populations from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) as part of the Epidemiologic Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment (EAGLE) study