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Background  The  Zaprionus  genus shares evolutionary features with the  melanogaster  subgroup, such as space and time of origin. Although little information about the transposable element content in the  Zaprionus  genus had been accumulated, some of their elements appear to be more closely related with those of the  melanogaster  subgroup, indicating that these two groups of species were involved in horizontal transfer events during their evolution. Among these elements, the  Gypsy  and the  Micropia  retroelements were chosen for screening in seven species of the two  Zaprionus  subgenera,  Anaprionus  and  Zaprionus .    Results  Screening allowed the identification of diverse  Gypsy  and  Micropia  retroelements only in species of the  Zaprionus  subgenus, showing that they are transcriptionally active in the sampled species. The sequences of each retroelement were closely related to those of the  melanogaster  species subgroup, and the most parsimonious hypothesis would be that 15 horizontal transfer events shaped their evolution. The  Gypsy  retroelement of the  melanogaster  subgroup probably invaded the  Zaprionus  genomes about 11 MYA. In contrast, the  Micropia  retroelement may have been introduced into the  Zaprionus  subgenus and the  melanogaster  subgroup from an unknown donor more recently (~3 MYA).    Conclusion   Gypsy  and  Micropia  of  Zaprionus  and  melanogaster  species share similar evolutionary patterns. The sharing of evolutionary, ecological and ethological features probably allowed these species to pass through a permissive period of transposable element invasion, explaining the proposed waves of horizontal transfers.

Multiple invasions of Gypsy and Micropia retroelements in genus Zaprionus and melanogaster subgroup of the genus Drosophila