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Background  In ecological character displacement, traits involved in reproductive isolation may not evolve in arbitrary directions when changes in these traits are by-products of adaptation to an ecological niche. In reproductive character displacement, however, selection acts directly on reproductive characters to enhance the degree of reproductive isolation between sympatric populations. Thus, the direction of change in reproductive characters may be arbitrary in relation to changes in other morphological characters. We characterized both tegminal characters and characters indicative of body size in sympatric and allopatric populations of  Gryllus fultoni , a species displaying character displacement in its calling song characters in areas of sympatry with  G. vernalis  populations, to infer the nature and direction of selection acting on reproductive and morphological characters in sympatry.    Results  Except for mirror area, the number of teeth in a file, and ovipositor length of  G. fultoni , all male and female morphological characters in  G. fultoni  and  G. vernalis  exhibited a uniform tendency to decrease in size with increasing latitude. There was no significant variation in female morphological characters between sympatric and allopatric  G. fultoni  populations. However, males of sympatric and allopatric  G. fultoni  populations significantly differed in head width, hind femur length, and mirror area even after controlling for clinal factors. Head width and hind femur length of  G. fultoni  were more similar to those of  G. vernalis  in sympatric populations than in allopatric populations, resulting in morphological convergence of  G. fultoni  and  G. vernalis  in sympatry. However, the mirror area of  G. fultoni  displayed the divergent pattern in relation to the sympatric  G. vernalis  populations.    Conclusion  Divergence-enhancing selection may be acting on mirror area as well as calling song characters, whereas local adaptation or clinal effects may explain variation in other morphological characters in sympatric populations of  G. fultoni . This study also suggests that structures and behaviors that directly enhance reproductive isolation may evolve together, independently of other morphological traits.

bmc evolutionary biology

Convergent and divergent patterns of morphological differentiation provide more evidence for reproductive character displacement in a wood cricket Gryllus fultoni(Orthoptera: Gryllidae)