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Background  In crustaceans and insects, development and reproduction are controlled by the steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Like other steroids, 20E, is synthesized from cholesterol through reactions involving cytochrome P450s (CYPs). In insects, the CYP enzymes mediating 20E biosynthesis have been identified, but evidence of their probable presence in crustaceans is indirect, relying solely on the ability of crustaceans to synthesize 20E.    Results  To investigate the presence of these genes in crustaceans, the genome of  Daphnia pulex  was examined for orthologs of these genes, the Halloween genes, encoding those biosynthetic CYP enzymes. Single homologs of  spook-CYP307A1 ,  phantom-CYP306A1 ,  disembodied-CYP302A1 ,  shadow-CYP315A1  and  shade-CYP314A1  were identified in the  Daphnia  data base. Phylogenetic analysis indicates an orthologous relationship between the insect and  Daphnia  genes. Conserved intron/exon structures and microsynteny further support the conclusion that these steroidogenic CYPs have been conserved in insects and crustaceans through some 400 million years of evolution.    Conclusion  Although these arthropod steroidogenic CYPs are related to steroidogenic CYPs in  Caenorhabditis elegans  and vertebrates, the data suggest that the arthropod steroidogenic CYPs became functionally specialized in a common ancestor of arthropods and are unique to these animals.

Daphnia Halloween genes that encode cytochrome P450s mediating the synthesis of the arthropod molting hormone: Evolutionary implications