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Background  To understand the ecological and evolutionary consequences of species interactions in food webs necessitates that interactions are properly identified. Genetic analyses suggest that many supposedly generalist parasitoid species should rather be defined as multiple species with a more narrow diet, reducing the probability that such species may mediate indirect interactions such as apparent competition among hosts. Recent studies showed that the parasitoid  Asecodes lucens  mediate apparent competition between two hosts,  Galerucella tenella  and  G. calmariensis , affecting both interaction strengths and evolutionary feedbacks. The same parasitoid was also recorded from other species in the genus  Galerucella , suggesting that similar indirect effects may also occur for other species pairs.    Methods  To explore the possibility of such interactions, we sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers to resolve the phylogeny of both host and parasitoid and to test the number of parasitoid species involved. We thus collected 139  Galerucella  larvae from 8 host plant species and sequenced 31 adult beetle and 108 parasitoid individuals.    Results  The analysis of the  Galerucella  data, that also included sequences from previous studies, verified the five species previously documented as reciprocally monophyletic, but the Bayesian species delimitation for  A. lucens  suggested 3–4 cryptic taxa with a more specialised host use than previously suggested. The gene data analyzed under the multispecies coalescent model allowed us to reconstruct the species tree phylogeny for both host and parasitoid and we found a fully congruent coevolutionary pattern suggesting that parasitoid speciation followed upon host speciation.    Conclusion  Using multilocus sequence data in a Bayesian species delimitation analysis we propose that hymenopteran parasitoids of the genus  Asecodes  that infest  Galerucella  larvae constitute at least three species with narrow diet breath. The evolution of parasitoid  Asecodes  and host  Galerucella  show a fully congruent coevolutionary pattern. This finding strengthens the hypothesis that the parasitoid in host search uses cues of the host rather than more general cues of both host and plant.

bmc evolutionary biology

Bayesian species delimitation reveals generalist and specialist parasitic wasps on Galerucella beetles (Chrysomelidae): sorting by herbivore or plant host