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Background  Whereas the impact of endosymbionts on the ecology of their hosts is well known in some insect species, the question of whether host communities are influenced by endosymbionts remains largely unanswered. Notably, the coexistence of host species competing with each other, which is expected to be stabilized by their ecological differences, could be facilitated by differences in their endosymbionts. Yet, the composition of endosymbiotic communities housed by natural communities of competing host species is still almost unknown. In this study, we started filling this gap by describing and comparing the bacterial endosymbiotic communities of four sibling weevil species ( Curculio spp .) that compete with each other to lay eggs into oak acorns ( Quercus  spp.) and exhibit marked ecological differences.    Results  All four species housed the primary endosymbiont  Candidatus  Curculioniphilus buchneri, yet each of these had a clearly distinct community of secondary endosymbionts, including  Rickettsia ,  Spiroplasma , and two  Wolbachia  strains. Notably, three weevil species harbored their own predominant facultative endosymbiont and possessed the remaining symbionts at a residual infection level.    Conclusions  The four competing species clearly harbor distinct endosymbiotic communities. We discuss how such endosymbiotic communities could spread and keep distinct in the four insect species, and how these symbionts might affect the organization and species richness of host communities.

Endosymbiont diversity among sibling weevil species competing for the same resource