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Background  For a long time the presence of respiratory proteins in most insects has been considered unnecessary. However, in recent years it has become evident that globins belong to the standard repertoire of the insect genome. Like most other insect globins, the  glob1  gene of  Drosophila melanogaster  displays a conserved expression pattern in the tracheae, the fat body and the Malpighian tubules.    Results  Here we show that the recently discovered  D. melanogaster  globin genes  glob2  and  glob3  both display an unusual male-specific expression in the reproductive tract during spermatogenesis. Both paralogs are transcribed at equivalent mRNA levels and largely overlap in their cellular expression patterns during spermatogenesis. Phylogenetic analyses showed that  glob2  and  glob3  reflect a gene duplication event that occurred in the ancestor of the  Sophophora  subgenus at least 40 million years ago. Therefore, flies of the  Drosophila  subgenus harbor only one  glob2/3 -like gene.    Conclusions  Phylogenetic and sequence analyses indicate an evolution of the  glob2  and  glob3  duplicates by a combination of sub- and neofunctionalization. Considering their restricted, testes-specific expression, an involvement of both globins in alleviating oxidative stress during spermatogenesis is conceivable.

Testes-specific hemoglobins in Drosophilaevolved by a combination of sub- and neofunctionalization after gene duplication