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Background  Figs and fig-pollinating wasp species usually display a highly specific one-to-one association. However, more and more studies have revealed that the "one-to-one" rule has been broken. Co-pollinators have been reported, but we do not yet know how they evolve. They may evolve from insect speciation induced or facilitated by  Wolbachia  which can manipulate host reproduction and induce reproductive isolation. In addition,  Wolbachia  can affect host mitochondrial DNA evolution, because of the linkage between  Wolbachia  and associated mitochondrial haplotypes, and thus confound host phylogeny based on mtDNA. Previous research has shown that fig wasps have the highest incidence of  Wolbachia  infection in all insect taxa, and  Wolbachia  may have great influence on fig wasp biology. Therefore, we look forward to understanding the influence of  Wolbachia  on mitochondrial DNA evolution and speciation in fig wasps.    Results  We surveyed 76 pollinator wasp specimens from nine  Ficus microcarpa  trees each growing at a different location in Hainan and Fujian Provinces, China. We found that all wasps were morphologically identified as  Eupristina verticillata , but diverged into three clades with 4.22-5.28% mtDNA divergence and 2.29-20.72% nuclear gene divergence. We also found very strong concordance between  E. verticillata  clades and  Wolbachia  infection status, and the predicted effects of  Wolbachia  on both mtDNA diversity and evolution by decreasing mitochondrial haplotypes.    Conclusions  Our study reveals that the pollinating wasp  E. verticillata  on  F. microcarpa  has diverged into three cryptic species, and  Wolbachia  may have a role in this divergence. The results also indicate that  Wolbachia  strains infecting  E. verticillata  have likely resulted in selective sweeps on host mitochondrial DNA.

bmc evolutionary biology

Comparisons of host mitochondrial, nuclear and endosymbiont bacterial genes reveal cryptic fig wasp species and the effects of Wolbachiaon host mtDNA evolution and diversity