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Background  Previously, we described the heat shock response in dipteran species belonging to the family Stratiomyidae that develop in thermally and chemically contrasting habitats including highly aggressive ones. Although all species studied exhibit high constitutive levels of Hsp70 accompanied by exceptionally high thermotolerance, we also detected characteristic interspecies differences in heat shock protein (Hsp) expression and survival after severe heat shock. Here, we analyzed genomic libraries from two Stratiomyidae species from thermally and chemically contrasting habitats and determined the structure and organization of their  hsp70  clusters.    Results  Although the genomes of both species contain similar numbers of  hsp70  genes, the spatial distribution of  hsp70  copies differs characteristically. In a population of the eurytopic species  Stratiomys singularior , which exists in thermally variable and chemically aggressive (hypersaline) conditions, the  hsp70  copies form a tight cluster with approximately equal intergenic distances. In contrast, in a population of the stenotopic  Oxycera pardalina  that dwells in a stable cold spring, we did not find  hsp70  copies in tandem orientation. In this species, the distance between individual  hsp70  copies in the genome is very large, if they are linked at all. In  O. pardalina  we detected the  hsp68  gene located next to a  hsp70  copy in tandem orientation. Although the  hsp70  coding sequences of  S. singularior  are highly homogenized via conversion, the structure and general arrangement of the  hsp70  clusters are highly polymorphic, including gross aberrations, various deletions in intergenic regions, and insertion of incomplete  Mariner  transposons in close vicinity to the 3'-UTRs.    Conclusions  The  hsp70  gene families in  S. singularior  and  O. pardalina  evolved quite differently from one another. We demonstrated clear evidence of homogenizing gene conversion in the  S. singularior hsp70  genes, which form tight clusters in this species. In the case of the other species,  O. pardalina , we found no clear trace of concerted evolution for the dispersed  hsp70  genes. Furthermore, in the latter species we detected  hsp70  pseudogenes, representing a hallmark of the birth-and-death process.

Organization and evolution of hsp70clusters strikingly differ in two species of Stratiomyidae (Diptera) inhabiting thermally contrasting environments