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Background  In bacteria, the biosynthesis of polyamines is modulated at the level of transcription as well as post-translationally. Antizyme (Az) has long been identified as a non-competitive protein inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis in  E. coli . Az was also revealed to be the product of the  atoC  gene. AtoC is the response regulator of the AtoS-AtoC two-component system and it functions as the positive transcriptional regulator of the  atoDAEB  operon genes, encoding enzymes involved in short chain fatty acid metabolism. The antizyme is referred to as AtoC/Az, to indicate its dual function as both a transcriptional and post-translational regulator.    Results  The roles of polyamines on the transcription of  atoS  and  atoC  genes as well as that of  atoDAEB(ato)  operon were studied. Polyamine-mediated induction was tested both in  atoSC  positive and negative  E. coli  backgrounds by using β-galactosidase reporter constructs carrying the appropriate promoters patoDAEB, patoS, patoC. In addition, a selection of synthetic polyamine analogues have been synthesized and tested for their effectiveness in inducing the expression of  atoC/Az , the product of which plays a pivotal role in the feedback inhibition of putrescine biosynthesis and the transcriptional regulation of the  ato  operon. The effects of these compounds were also determined on the  ato  operon expression. The polyamine analogues were also tested for their effect on the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the key enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis and on the growth of polyamine-deficient  E. coli .    Conclusion  Polyamines, which have been reported to induce the protein levels of AtoC/Az in  E. coli , act at the transcriptional level, since they cause activation of the  atoC  transcription. In addition, a series of polyamine analogues were studied on the transcription of  atoC  gene and ODC activity.

Effect of polyamines and synthetic polyamine-analogues on the expression of antizyme (AtoC) and its regulatory genes