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Babesia  are tick-borne parasites that are increasingly considered as a threat to animal and public health. We aimed to assess the role of European free-ranging wild ruminants as maintenance mammalian hosts for  Babesia  species and to determine risk factors for infection. EDTA blood was collected from 222 roe deer ( Capreolus c. capreolus ), 231 red deer ( Cervus e. elaphus ), 267 Alpine chamois ( Rupicapra r. rupicapra ) and 264 Alpine ibex ( Capra i. ibex)  from all over Switzerland and analysed by PCR with pan- Babesia  primers targeting the 18S rRNA gene, primers specific for  B. capreoli  and  Babesia  sp. EU1, and by sequencing.  Babesia  species, including  B. divergens, B. capreoli, Babesia  sp. EU1,  Babesia  sp. CH1 and  B. motasi , were detected in 10.7% of all samples. Five individuals were co-infected with two  Babesia  species. Infection with specific  Babesia  varied widely between host species. Cervidae were significantly more infected with  Babesia  spp. than Caprinae.  Babesia capreoli  and  Babesia  sp. EU1 were mostly found in roe deer (prevalences 17.1% and 7.7%, respectively) and  B. divergens  and  Babesia  sp. CH1 only in red deer. Factors significantly associated with infection were low altitude and young age. Identification of  Babesia  sp. CH1 in red deer, co-infection with multiple  Babesia  species and infection of wild Caprinae with  B. motasi  and  Babesia  sp. EU1 are novel findings. We propose wild Caprinae as spillover or accidental hosts for  Babesia  species but wild Cervidae as mammalian reservoir hosts for  B. capreoli , possibly  Babesia  sp. EU1 and  Babesia  sp. CH1, whereas their role regarding  B. divergens  is more elusive.

Babesia spp. in European wild ruminant species: parasite diversity and risk factors for infection