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Mycobacterium avium  infection is a severe condition in humans, whereas pigs are often subclinically infected. Pig carcasses represent a possible source of human infection. Faecal excretion of  M. avium  was recently demonstrated in experimentally infected pigs, along with detection of  M. avium  in apparently normal lymph nodes. The present study investigates faecal excretion in naturally infected herds and the presence of live mycobacteria in lymph nodes. Two pig herds (A and B), with a history of sporadically suspected  M. avium  infection were sampled. Herd B used peat, as opposed to Herd A. Samples from peat, sawdust, drinking water, faeces and lymph nodes were collected. Identification of mycobacteria was performed by 16S rDNA sequencing and PCR.  Mycobacterium avium  isolates were analysed by Multi-Locus Variable Number of Tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA).  Mycobacterium avium  subsp.  hominissuis  was detected in samples of faeces, peat and lymph nodes from Herd B, often with identical MLVA profiles. Additionally, other non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) were found in the same material. The absence of macroscopic lymph node lesions in the presence of  M. avium  subsp.  hominissuis  was frequently demonstrated. In Herd A, only one NTM isolate, which proved not to be  M. avium , was found. Faeces might facilitate transmission of  M. avium  subsp . hominissuis  between pigs and maintain the infection pressure in herds. The low incidence of macroscopic lesions together with the massive presence of  M. avium  subsp.  hominissuis  in lymph nodes from pigs kept on peat raises questions related to animal husbandry, food safety and human health.

Novel insights into transmission routes of Mycobacterium avium in pigs and possible implications for human health