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Research question  Pulmonary disease progression in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterised by inflammation and fibrosis and aggravated by  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  (Pa). We investigated the impact of Pa specifically on: 1) protease/antiprotease balance; 2) inflammation; and 3) the link of both parameters to clinical parameters of CF patients.    Methods  Transforming growth factor-β 1  (TGF-β 1 ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, neutrophil elastase (NE) and elastase inhibitor elafin were measured (ELISA assays), and gene expression of the NF-κB pathway was assessed (reverse transcriptase PCR) in the sputum of 60 CF patients with a minimum age of 5 years. Spirometry was assessed according to American Thoracic Society guidelines.    Results  Our results demonstrated the following: 1) NE was markedly increased in Pa-positive sputum, whereas elafin was significantly decreased; 2) increased IL-1β/IL-8 levels were associated with both Pa infection and reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 s, and sputum TGF-β 1  was elevated in Pa-infected CF patients and linked to an impaired lung function; and 3) gene expression of NF-κB signalling components was increased in sputum of Pa-infected patients, and these findings were positively correlated with IL-8.    Conclusion  Our study links Pa infection to an imbalance of NE and NE inhibitor elafin and increased inflammatory mediators. Moreover, our data demonstrate an association between high TGF-β 1  sputum levels and a progress in chronic lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in CF. Controlling the excessive airway inflammation by inhibition of NE and TGF-β 1  might be promising therapeutic strategies in future CF therapy and a possible complement to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators.

erj open research

Reduced neutrophil elastase inhibitor elafin and elevated transforming growth factor-β<sub>1</sub> are linked to inflammatory response in sputum of cystic fibrosis patients with <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>

Reduced neutrophil elastase inhibitor elafin and elevated transforming growth factor-β1 are linked to inflammatory response in sputum of cystic fibrosis patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Reduced neutrophil elastase inhibitor elafin and elevated transforming growth factor-β₁ are linked to inflammatory response in sputum of cystic fibrosis patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa