English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

The shortening of parasternal intercostal muscles (Para) and crural (Cru) and costal diaphragms (Cos) are not precisely understood. We therefore examined shortening patterns of these inspiratory muscles by using chronically implanted sonomicrometers in dogs. To avoid acute effects of surgery, measurements were performed 3 weeks after implanting the sonomicrometers. Patterns of length changes of Para, Cru, and Cos were measured during hypoxia and hypercapnia under two levels of anaesthesia. Respiratory length change (delta L) was assessed as a percentage change relative to the resting length at functional residual capacity (LFRC). Peak tidal shortening was defined as the maximal change from LFRC (delta L/LFRC). Under light anesthesia, the delta L/LFRC was the same among the three muscle groups at all tidal volumes (VT). Under deep anaesthesia, the delta L/LFRC both of Cru and Cos exceeded that of Para. Under light anaesthesia, the maximal shortening velocity ((delta L/LFRC)/delta t) of Cru was greater than that of Para. Under deep anaesthesia, the (delta L/LFRC)/delta t of Para was exceeded by that both of Cru and Cos. Furthermore, the (delta L/LFRC)/delta t of each inspiratory muscle was greater during hypoxia than during hypercapnia at equal volume. We conclude that: 1) the contribution of the diaphragm to ventilation increases during deep anaesthesia; 2) the muscle shortening velocity during hypoxia or hypercapnia is lower in parasternal intercostal muscles than in the diaphragm; and 3) there is no difference in the shortening pattern between crural and costal diaphragms.

Patterns of inspiratory muscle shortening during hypoxia and hypercapnia in dogs