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Science is in crisis. Any doubt about this status has surely been been dispelled by the loud assurances to the contrary by various authority figures who are deeply invested in the current system and have written things such as, “Psychology is not in crisis, contrary to popular rumor . . . Crisis or no crisis, the field develops consensus about the most valuable insights . . . National panels will convene and caution scientists, reviewers, and editors to uphold standards.” (Fiske, Schacter, and Taylor, 2016). When leaders go to that much trouble to insist there is no problem, it’s only natural for outsiders to worry.1 The present article is being written for a sociology journal, which is appropriate for two reasons. First, sociology includes the study of institutions and communities; modern science is both an institution and a community, and as such it would be of interest to me as a citizen and a political scientist, even beyond my direct involvement as a practicing researcher. Second, sociology has a tradition of questioning; it is a field from whose luminaries I hope never to hear platitudes such as “Crisis or no crisis, the field develops consensus about the most valuable insights.” Sociology, like statistics and political science, is inherently accepting of uncertainty and variation. Following Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, Imre Lakatos, and Deborah Mayo, we cheerfully build our theories as tall and broad as we can, in the full awareness that reality will knock them down. We know that one of the key purposes of data analysis is to “kill our darlings,” and we also know that the more specific we make our models, the more we learn from their rejection. Structured modeling and thick description go together. Just as we learn in a local way from our modeling failures, we can learn more globally from crises in entire subfields of science. When I say that the replication crisis is also an opportunity, this is more than a fortune-cookie cliche; it is also a recognition that when a group of people make a series of bad decisions, this motivates a search for what went wrong in their decision-making process. A full discussion of the crisis in science would include three parts:

How to Think Scientifically about Scientists’ Proposals for Fixing Science