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Objectives:   Symptoms of sore throat result from oropharyngeal inflammation, for which prostaglandin E 2  is a key mediator. Flurbiprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory that provides sore throat relief. The preliminary objective of this study was to develop an in vitro model for assessing prostaglandin E 2  stimulation by viral and bacterial triggers. The primary objective was to investigate the effect of diluted flurbiprofen-containing lozenges on prostaglandin E 2  concentrations in stimulated cells.Methods:   Prostaglandin E 2  production was stimulated in three epithelial cell lines (A549, HEp2, and clonetics bronchial/tracheal epithelial) with influenza A virus (4.5 log 10  tissue culture infectious dose 50 /mL), or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (10µ g/mL) and peptidoglycan (3µ g/mL) and incubated overnight. Prostaglandin E 2  levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay up to 24 h after stimulation. The effect of flurbiprofen 8.75 mg lozenges (diluted to 0.44 mg/mL) on PGE 2  production in stimulated cells was assessed in parallel; prior to viral/LPS/PEP stimulation of cells, 300 μL of test product or control was added and incubated for 30 s, 2 and 5 min (and 10 min for bacterial trigger). Prostaglandin E 2  levels were measured following stimulation.Results:   Viral and lipopolysaccharide/peptidoglycan infection did not consistently stimulate HEp2 cells and bronchial/tracheal epithelial cells to produce prostaglandin E 2 . Influenza virus, and lipopolysaccharide/peptidoglycan stimulated high prostaglandin E 2  concentrations in A549: mean prostaglandin E 2  concentration 106.48 pg/mL with viral stimulation vs 33.82 pg/mL for uninfected cells; 83.84 pg/mL with lipopolysaccharide/peptidoglycan vs 71.96 pg/mL for uninfected cells. Flurbiprofen produced significant reductions in virus-stimulated prostaglandin E 2  vs stimulated untreated cells at 2 min (p = 0.03). Flurbiprofen produced significant reductions in lipopolysaccharide/peptidoglycan-stimulated prostaglandin E 2  concentrations from 30 s (p = 0.02), and at 2, 5 and 10 min (all p &lt; 0.005) vs stimulated untreated cells.Conclusions:   A549 cells provide a suitable model for assessment of prostaglandin E 2  stimulation by viral and bacterial triggers. Diluted flurbiprofen-containing lozenges demonstrated rapid anti-inflammatory activity in viral- and lipopolysaccharide/peptidoglycan-stimulated A549 cells.

sage open medicine

Inhibition of viral and bacterial trigger-stimulated prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> by a throat lozenge containing flurbiprofen: An in vitro study using a human respiratory epithelial cell line

Inhibition of viral and bacterial trigger-stimulated prostaglandin E2 by a throat lozenge containing flurbiprofen: An in vitro study using a human respiratory epithelial cell line

Inhibition of viral and bacterial trigger-stimulated prostaglandin E₂ by a throat lozenge containing flurbiprofen: An in vitro study using a human respiratory epithelial cell line