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Background:   Oral candidiasis (OC) is an indirect indicator of cell-mediated immunodeficiency with a high predictive value of disseminated candidiasis. Here, we report the prevalence and factors associated with laboratory-confirmed OC in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected children with clinical OC attending the outpatient clinic or admitted in pediatric wards of the Bugando Medical Center (BMC).Methods:   A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and June 2017. Social demographic and clinical data were collected using a pre-tested data collection tool. Oral swabs were collected using a sterile cotton swab and mycological culture was done to detect Candida spp. followed by susceptibility testing as per European Committee on Antimicrobial Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. Data were analyzed using STATA version 13 following study objectives.Results:   A total of 325 non-repetitive oral swabs from HIV-uninfected children aged between 2 and 156 months were collected. Candida spp. were detected in 123 (37.8%) children. One (1.8%) C. albicans isolate was resistant to fluconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 256 μg/ml, 32 μg/ml, and 0.31 μg/ml, respectively. Upon multivariate logistic regression analysis, being a male child (OR 2, 95% CI 1.2–3.2, p = 0.008) and having a history of antibiotic use (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.8, p = 0.017) independently predicted laboratory-confirmed OC among HIV-uninfected children.Conclusion:   Only a third of children with clinical OC were laboratory confirmed, and this was more likely in male children with a history of antibiotic use. Most of the isolates were highly susceptible to commonly used antifungal agents like fluconazole. Treatment of children at risk should be prioritized to reduce associated morbidity.

Oral candidiasis in HIV-uninfected pediatric population in areas with limited fungal diagnosis: A case study from a tertiary hospital, Tanzania