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The representation of deep convection in general circulation models is in part informed by cloud-resolving models (CRMs) that function at higher spatial and temporal resolution; however, recent studies have shown that CRMs often fail at capturing the details of deep convection updrafts. With the goal of providing constraint on CRM simulation of deep convection updrafts, ground-based remote-sensing observations are analyzed and statistically correlated for four deep convection events observed during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E). Since positive values of specific differential phase ( K  DP ) observed above the melting level are associated with deep convection updraft cells, so-called " K  DP columns" are analyzed using two scanning polarimetric radars in Oklahoma: the National Weather Service Vance WSR-88D (KVNX) and the Department of Energy C-band Scanning Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Precipitation Radar (C-SAPR). KVNX and C-SAPR K  DP volumes and columns are then statistically correlated with vertical winds retrieved via multi-Doppler wind analysis, lightning flash activity derived from the Oklahoma Lightning Mapping Array, and KVNX differential reflectivity ( Z  DR ). Results indicate strong correlations of K  DP volume above the melting level with updraft mass flux, lightning flash activity, and intense rainfall. Analysis of K  DP columns reveals signatures of changing updraft properties from one storm event to another as well as during event evolution. Comparison of Z  DR to K  DP shows commonalities in information content of each, as well as potential problems with Z  DR associated with observational artifacts.

On Polarimetric Radar Signatures of Deep Convection for Model Evaluation: Columns of Specific Differential Phase Observed during MC3E*