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Many wind wave spectrum models provide excellent wave height prediction giventhe input of wind speed and wave age. Their quantification of the surfaceroughness, on the other hand, varies considerably. The ocean surface roughnessis generally represented by the mean square slope, its direct measurement inopen ocean remains a challenging task. Microwave ocean remote sensing fromspace delivers ocean surface roughness information. Satellite platforms offerglobal coverage in a broad range of environmental conditions. This paperpresents lowpass mean square slope (LPMSS) data obtained by spacebornemicrowave altimeters and reflectometers operating at L, Ku, and Ka bands (about1.6, 14, and 36 GHz). The LPMSS data represent the spectrally integrated oceansurface roughness with 11, 95, and 250 rad/m upper cutoff wave numbers, themaximum wind speeds are 80, 29, and 25 m/s, respectively. A betterunderstanding of the ocean surface roughness is important to the goal ofimproving wind wave spectrum modeling. The analysis presented in this papershows that over two orders of magnitude of the wave number range (0.3 to 30rad/m), the spectral components follow a power function relating thedimensionless spectrum and the ratio between wind friction velocity and wavephase speed. The power function exponent is 0.38, which is considerable smallerthan unity as expected from the classical equilibrium spectrum function. It maysuggest that wave breaking is not only an energy sink but also a source ofroughness generation covering a wideband of wavelengths about 20 m and shorter.

Ocean Surface Roughness from Satellite Observations and Spectrum Modeling of Wind Waves