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This paper describes stratospheric waves in ERA5 reanalysis and evaluates thecontributions of different types of waves to the driving of the quasi-biennialoscillation (QBO). Because of its higher spatial resolution compared to itspredecessors, ERA5 is capable of resolving a broader spectrum of waves. It isshown that the resolved waves contribute to both eastward and westwardaccelerations near the equator, mainly by the way of the vertical flux of zonalmomentum. The eastward accelerations by the resolved waves are mainly due toKelvin waves and small-scale gravity (SSG) waves with zonal wavelengths smallerthan 2000 km, whereas the westward accelerations are forced mainly by SSGwaves, with smaller contributions from inertio-gravity and mixed-Rossby-gravitywaves. Extratropical Rossby waves propagate into the tropical region and imparta westward acceleration to the zonal flow. They appear to be responsible for atleast some of the irregularities in the QBO cycle.

Revisiting the Quasi Biennial Oscillation as Seen in ERA5.Part II: Evaluation of Waves and Wave Forcing