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More than 200 large-eddy simulations of long-lived contrails from several-seconds age until their demise have been performed and their lifetime-integrated behavior has been analyzed. The simulations employ size-resolved microphysics and include variations of effective ice crystal number emission index, temperature, relative humidity with respect to ice, stratification, shear, supersaturated-layer depth, uplift/subsidence, and coupled radiation. Basic scaling behaviors are analyzed for contrail lifetime, width, ice mass, and surface area. Lifetimes exceeding 40 h, widths exceeding 100 km, and ice masses exceeding 50 kg m−1 of flight path were sometimes encountered. Distinct behavior regimes produced by radiative forcing are identified and found to be predicted by a simplified model. The lifetime-integrated ice crystal surface area per length of flight path SΣ is used as an approximate metric of contrail significance, and a simple, physically based model is derived. Over much of the parameter space,...

Persistent Contrails and Contrail Cirrus. Part II: Full Lifetime Behavior