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The surface current response to winds is analyzed in a two-year time seriesof a 12 MHz (HF) Wellen Radar (WERA) off the West coast of France. The measuredcurrents, with tides filtered out, are of the order of 1.0 to 1.8% of the windspeed, in a direction 10 to 40 degrees to the right of the wind. ThisLagrangian current can be decomposed as the vector sum of a quasi-Euleriancurrent U_E, representative of the top 1 m of the water column, and a part ofthe wave-induced Stokes drift Uss at the sea surface. Here Uss is estimatedwith an accurate numerical wave model, thanks to a novel parameterization ofwave dissipation processes. Using both observed and modelled wave spectra, Ussis found to be very well approximated by a simple function of the wind speedand significant wave height, generally increasing quadratically with the windspeed. Focusing on a site located 100 km from the mainland, the estimatedcontribution of Uss to the radar measurement has a magnitude of 0.6 to 1.3% ofthe wind speed, in the wind direction, a fraction that increases with windspeed. The difference U_E of Lagrangian and Stokes contributions is found to beof the order of 0.4 to 0.8% of the wind speed, and 45 to 70 degrees to theright of the wind. This elatively weak quasi-Eulerian current with a largedeflection angle is interpreted as evidence of strong near-surface mixing,likely related to breaking waves.

Observation and estimation of Lagrangian, Stokes and Eulerian currents induced by wind and waves at the sea surface