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Several extensions of energy balance models (EBMs) are explored in which (i) sea ice acts to insulate theatmosphere from the ocean and (ii) ocean heat transport is allowed to have some meridional structurecontrolled by the wind, with minima at which the ice edge can rest. These new models support multiple stableice edges not found in the classical EBM and a hysteresis loop capable of generating abrupt warming as theice edge ‘‘jumps’’ from mid- to high latitudes. The new equilibria are demonstrated in two classes of model, inwhich the wind stress is either specified externally or generated interactively. Wind stress is computed byintroducing a dynamical constraint into the EBM to represent the simultaneous meridional transport ofenergy and angular momentum in the atmosphere. This wind stress is used to drive ocean gyres, withassociated structure in their meridional heat transport, so that the atmosphere and ocean are coupled togetherboth thermally and mechanically

Ocean Heat Transport, Sea Ice, and Multiple Climate States: Insights from Energy Balance Models