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Ever since the European Union (EU) became actively engaged in Arctic affairs, its related relationship with Norway—as its immediate Arctic/northern neighbour—can be characterised as paradoxical. Although Norway has pro-actively worked to get the EU more involved in Arctic (governance) issues, it has, from the European Commission’s (the Commission) first Communication on Arctic issues in 2008,1 been sceptical of various policy and legal steps taken by the EU. As a matter of fact, this apparent “enthusiasm and scepticism”, illustrates much of Norway’s relationship with the EU; not only in the Arctic, but also in the overarching relationship between these two international actors. Norway’s liaison with the EU can generally be characterised as not ‘in’ but neither really ‘out’ of the EU. Although Norway is not a EU Member State, it is politically and economically closely connected to the Union via a broad range of agreements and other forms of cooperation.2 A member of the European Economic Area (EEA) since 1994—when the bid for EU membership failed for a second time—Norway adheres to the majority of European legislative acts. Accordingly, Norway can be characterised as the “most integrated outsider” to the Union.3 And yet, in Norway, the EU is often portrayed as something far removed from its political processes, separated in the domain of foreign policy.

Partners or Rivals? Norway and the European Union in the High North