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As there are not, to my knowledge, any established periodizations of the history of Tibetan printing, I would like to begin by briefly sketching out some of the critical eras in the development of printing technology for use in Tibetanlanguage publishing. The study of Tibetan printing history has, for good reasons, focused on developments in central and western Tibet (dBus gTsang and mNga’ ris) during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. In this key period, printing became an established craft on the Tibetan plateau. But this was not the only important era of Tibetan printing. The history of Tibetan printing can, in very general terms, be divided into four main periods: (1) Tibetanlanguage publishing under the sponsorship of non-Tibetan central Asians such as the Tanguts and the Mongols (12th–14th centuries); (2) the rise of central and western Tibetan printing (15th–16th centuries); (3) the continued spread of printing, including into eastern Tibet and Mongolia, and the publication of canons (18th–19th centuries); and (4) the adoption of non-woodblock printing technologies (20th century). We could add to these key periods of intensive growth in Tibetan printing several other significant milestones, such as the simultaneous publication and suppression of literature by the dGa’ ldan pho brang government beginning in the latter half of seventeenth century or the first xylograph editions of the bKa’ ’gyur – produced by the Ming dynasty (15th c.) and the kingdom of ’Jang Sa tham (16th c.), both non-Tibetan polities.

18 Revolutions of the Dharma Wheel: Uses of Tibetan Printing in the Eighteenth Century